My Views On My Life - 952 Words

Everyone has their own unique beliefs and motives that push them through their lives. I have many different beliefs instilled in me that mold my day to day life. These beliefs have been formed either by learning from my parents, or by personal experiences. One major conviction of mine is the pursuit of happiness. There are many ways to strive for happiness, and all people are unique in the fact that no one shares the same goals. My happiness comes from a core of beliefs. Religion is an extremely important part of my life, and I can thank my mother and father for that. Another belief of mine is that hard work pays off; in many situations I have been shown that a good work ethic goes a long way in being successful. I also believe in being an optimist throughout life’s trials and tribulations. Many things can upset me in day to day experiences; however, I believe it to be crucial to obtain a joyous attitude. These beliefs have become priorities to me and carry me through my life, and help me to succeed. To begin with, religion is one aspect of my life that I could not be happy without. My brothers and I have formed this conviction in the Lord from being taught the right way. My father is the minister at Sims Hill Christian Church and he has always taken us to every church service held as long as we were able. It has always been a priority in the Jones’ household to read the Bible and to present ourselves in the correct manner. Without God, the pursuit of happinessShow MoreRelatedMy Views On My Life Essay1534 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the course of my life I have had many encounters with people from different walks of life than my own, this comes from me moving between different homes due to the joint custody my parents shared over me. Due to the constant change of the surrounding environment I was always in constant flux of having to reacquaint myself with those around me, this led to it being easier for me to accept those that had differing personalities and vie ws from me because I was looking for a type of comraderyRead MoreMy Views On My Life1510 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects have shaped my experiences in school and the way I view my life. These two aspects come with enormous expectations that contributed to the way I view and act upon daily situations. My economic social class I have have grown up in has opened many doors, some that are positive and some that are negative. Next, being a female in today’s society is like being on a roller-coaster, some situations are fantastic, other situations I wish that I was a male. My identity in society and my gender have hadRead MoreMy View Of Philosophy Has Changed My Life1531 Words   |  7 Pageseight-week course and my view of Philosophy has changed a lot. I never took a class like this and learned a lot not only about various Philosopher’s but also about myself. This class allowed me to look inward at myself and reflect on my decisions throughout my life. Learning about Thoreau , Socrates, Frankl and Pieper and their view and experiences were fun and made me think about what Philosophy is and why we need it in our lives. The reading and discussion that had the most impact on my thinking this termRead MoreMy View Of Life After Death1232 Words   |  5 Pageswill determine your life after death. I accepted this as truth for a very long time, as I had no exposure to different views. I would argue with my LDS peers on the meaning of Heaven and Hell and their nonbelief, and I would trust everything I was taught without much question. In college, things changed. I still believe in God, but differently. I have struggled with my own beliefs for a while now, because everything I have known is being, or has been challenged by discussions in my classes. I cannotRead MoreOn How My Travel Experiences Changed My Views of Life762 Words   |  3 Pagesthought I would discuss my travel experiences and how it has changed my views of life. I have been to the Caribbean many times, for example, Cuba, Mexico, The Dominican Republic, St. Maarten to name a few. I have also backpacked through Thailand and would like to discuss what I have learned from a few of these countries and how these experiences have affected my perspective. Travelling to Cuba for the first time was amazing. Having only travelled to Mexico once before my first trip to Cuba IRead MoreMy Views On Sex Over My 34 Years Of Life Essay2029 Words   |  9 Pageshave contributed to my views and perspectives regarding sex over my 34 years of life. I was raised in a home with my biological parents, who are still married. I was inadvertently taught by my parents that individuals should get married and have children. My involvement in church taught that sex was for procreation. The manner in which I choose to engage in sexual experiences was created by early sexual experiences. Social circles and past relationships contributed to my ideas and values regardingRead MoreMy Views Of Marriage, Family, And Personal Life1888 Words   |  8 PagesWith a deeper understanding of these concepts I have had an alteration and growth in my worldview in the way in which I should be living my life. In this paper I will discuss deciphering my calling, my vie ws of marriage, family, and personal life direct my thought process. I will also discuss how they are being implemented in a way that allows me to share the teachings of the Lord with others in my daily life. As mentioned in the previous lecture we are all born for a purpose, and this purposeRead MoreEvents That Shaped My View Of Life During This Course1137 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three extremely important events that shaped my view of life during this course. Firstly, when I was in this course around my third year, we decided to document our memories in a notebook. This was a notebook we carried around everywhere, and whenever something interesting or exciting happened, we would write it down. We got this idea from a teacher who did the same when he was a student in a similar course. It was a simple spiral bound black notebook, but every time someone said somethingRead MoreMy Views On Life Change With Age, Maturity, And Growth2245 Words   |  9 Pagesthe future may change. I believe it is a part of life and of growing up. I believe without whatever it is that makes us happy, life is dull. I feel the same about dreams and goals; what is life without desiring for better in our own future and the future of those surrounding us. We change as individuals just as the environment around us changes. We adapt and grow. Our ideas about life change with age, maturity, and ever growing knowledge. That is life, and no two people have an alike experience ofRead MoreMy View Of Life Is A Struggle It Has It s Good Days Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesLife is a struggle it has it’s good days and it’s bad days but there are some days that just awful, and make you lose your faith in humanity, just find new ways to make you forget so you don’t have to relieve those memories. On those days you felt like I was surrounded by darkness most of my life it was like the world had engulfed me into this type of abyss disconnected from society and manipulated and corrupted by evil deeds from people I thought were friend people I had considered to be my family

The Molly Maguires Essay - 1436 Words

Who were the Molly Maguires? Did they really exist? These are questions asked by many people today. Some historians wonder if the Molly Maguires really did bring their secret society from England to the United States, or if the incidents blamed on them were just random accidents on which officials needed to place a blame. We may never actually know... nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many ideas about how the â€Å"Molly Maguires† got their name. One of the most popular is that Molly was a poor widow, who was evicted from her home after the landlord’s agent apparently, â€Å"severely abused her and her daughter†. The group adopted this name in homage to the Molly and her bravery. Another theory is that Molly’s home was used as the first†¦show more content†¦A year later, The Workingmen’s Benevolent Association. The WBA struck first for a minimum base of objectives (i.e., better hours, better pay, etc). Their strike showed general unification even though it was unsuccessful in achieving basically, anything. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;While the Workingmen’s Benevolent Association’s members were of many different nationalities, the Irish continued with their local chapters of the Ancient Order of the Hibernians. The middle and upper classes, although it consisted of all classes, mainly ran the AOH. Therefore the Irish workers had a difficult time, even with their own â€Å"brothers†, gaining support for their struggle for better working conditions in the mines. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The destruction of the AOH became essential to the coal operators, because they did not want all of their workers turning against them. When miners involved in the AOH realized that many, if not most of the companies they were fighting against were heavily invested in by British investors, fuel was added to their fire. The Irish-American could not easily forget their hatred for the English. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One may question, what did the Irish have against the English? The answer one will find is, plenty! In Ireland, the landlords and agents and in American there were bosses and mine owners. The landlords in Ireland lived on large estates in the Irish countryside and chargedShow MoreRelatedThe Molly Maguires Essay2074 Words   |  9 PagesThe Molly Maguires People of many different nationalities settled in Pennsylvania to work in the coal mines. Conflicts developed not only among people of different cultural backgrounds but also between laborers and owners of the mines. The struggle between labor and management is illustrated in the story of the Molly Maguires, an Irish group which settled in eastern Pennsylvania. The Molly Maguires were perhaps the most gruesome chapter in the history of Pennsylvania. The violent and dramaticRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Molly Maguires And Their Impact On Laborer Organizations2199 Words   |  9 PagesElizabeth Hall May 2nd, 2016 The Legacy of the Molly Maguires and Their Impact on Laborer Organizations The decades between 1860 and 1880, a small Irish gang emerged in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. Due to the prejudice and maltreatment of non-Anglo-Saxon immigrants in the United States, the Irish forced into working in horrible conditions for such little pay and barely any security or fair compensation when they were injured. The legacy the Mollies left behind was not only the gory truth aboutRead MoreThe Molly Maguires1476 Words   |  6 PagesWho were the Molly Maguires? Did they really exist? These are questions asked by many people today. Some historians wonder if the Molly Maguires really did bring their secret society from England to the United States, or if the incidents blamed on them were just random accidents on which officials needed to place a blame. We may never actually know... There are many ideas about how the Molly Maguires got their name. One of the most popular is that Molly was a poor widow, who was evicted fromRead MoreEssay about Industrial Revolution Led to Labor Unions520 Words   |  3 Pageswas during the 1870’s in a coal region of Pennsylvania. The conditions were harsh in the mines and there were few if any safety precautions. A group of Irish miners organized a union in which they called Molly Maguires. Pinkerton agents were sent in by the mine owners to control the Molly Maguires, this event led to the formation of other strike groups. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was America’s first nationwide strike. The strike was a result of a 10 percent pay deduction by four of the largestRead MoreBiography of Allan Pinkerton1179 Words   |  5 Pagesas strikebreakers against organized labor. In Pinkertons lifetime, the most notorious of this anti-labor activities was the infiltration of the so-called Molly Maguires, a supposed secret society of Irish immigrants working in the central Pennsylvania coal-mining regions. The tactics used by the Pinkerton Agency against the Molly Maguires in the 1870s were ethically questionable at best, and are viewed by many as a harbinger of worse actions by the Pinkerton agency after Pinkertons death in 1884Read MoreThe Journey From The Docks Of Liverpool905 Words   |  4 Pagescontributed to the labor movement in America. The struggle for American workers’ right grew from the oppression they faced in Ireland. Molly Maguires was a secret Irish social organization notoriou s for its violent tactics. It consisted of angry coal miners of Pennsylvania, who in the 1860s and 1870s, resisted English, Scottish, and Welsh mine bosses. Ten Mollies were hanged in 1876 because they were charged with nine murders, however this did not deter Irish involvement in American labor activitiesRead MoreIrish in America Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagestherefore the Irish began to speak out against injustice and ventured forth into labor organization. An example is a group of anthracite coal miners in Pennsylvania, the Molly Maguires, who, in the 1860’s, violently resisted their Scottish, English and Welsh mine bosses, who were said to be cruel and discriminating. Ten Mollies were found guilty on 9 counts of murder and hanged in 1876.(26) Despite the outcome, this episode did not deter later labor involvement. However Irish organizational practicesRead MoreThe Irish Immigration With The Great Wave2204 Words   |  9 Pagesfamilies. A group called the Molly Maguires stepped up to help stand up for a much needed change. Originally based out of Northern Ireland, this group of full blood Irishmen all traveled to the United States in hope of better conditions than those created by their British landlords. This group had no mercy and it definitely showed. They stood up by murdering many of their mine bosses and going on many strikes until they received better pay for the hard labor. The Maguires worked with the largest frater nalRead MoreEssay about Technology and Society2552 Words   |  11 PagesPennsylvania mining towns endured in the late 1800’s. It was a time when the terror of the Molly Maguires reigned, and many of Centralia’s top officials fled. This period peaked with the murders of both Michael Lanathan and Thomas Dougherty. Although both of these murders were mysterious, evidence that the Molly Maguires perpetrated the crimes was available. After the sentencing and death of the Molly Maguires, order and security returned to Centralia. (Conyngham Township and Borough of CentraliaRead MoreChapter 17 : Industrial Supremacy1035 Words   |  5 PagesTextile industry had the largest number of women d. The Struggle to Unionize i. When in doubt- the government with side with owners and not unions ii. National Labor Union 1866 – excluded women workers in fear that it would lower the wages iii. â€Å"Molly Maguires† – labor organization in PA – often tried to use violence to get their way iv. e. The Great Railroad Strike i. Several different strikes throughout the country ii. Railroad companies cut pay by 10% and president Hayes ordered troops to stop the

Lived Experience of Mental Health-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Sandy Jeffs has used poetry, and storytelling to share her lived experience of mental health and illness. She is a prize-winning poet and author who has lived with schizophrenia for 35 years. This film was created by George Clipp for Tell Me A Story, a digital storytelling project of Something In Common and the Australian Human Rights Commission Discuss about her Case Study. Answer: Sandy Jeffs is an award winning people and author and diagnosed with schizophrenia at the age of 23 and hasfoughtwith the disease for schizophrenia for over 35 years. She is an advocate and performs community education based on her experiences of living with mental illness. In 2010 her memoir Flying with Paper Wings was selected as Sane Australias Book of the Year (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). The following essay aims to analyse the how lived experience can help to improve the therapy plan for the subsequent recovery from the mental health complications. This lived experience will be discussed under the light of the recovery journey of Sandy Jeff from schizophrenia and national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers. The concept of thelived experience of mental health and illness According to Department of Health Australia (2013), lived experience and thoughts of people suffering from mental health complications are an important domain of modifying care giving process to the population suffering from mental health. Just like all the residents of the society, peoplewho are suffering from mental health complications desire meaningful occupation, respect in their lives and sustaining relationships. Aiming on peoples lived experience and on their requirement rather than focusing on the organisational policies offer a completely new yet transformative conceptual framework for practise and service delivery and thereby promoting fast recovery (Department of Health Australia 2013). The phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of the mental health nurse conducted by Maddockset al. (2010) showed that neither family-centred care nor a person-centred outlook is sufficiently to comprehensively meet the required to the mental health clients. An integrated model of care that encompasses person-centred and family-centred approach must work in tandem in order to achieve fastest recovery. According to Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council (2017), joining lived experience along with skills and knowledge of mental health professionals bestows profound opportunities towardscultural change in the manner it challenges theprevailing norms of professional skills. A majority of the mental health professionals has lived experience of mental health either in their close relationships or in their own lives and thisrecovery paradigms will help to change the traditional demarcation between service givers and users. Within the recovery paradigms, all groups of people are respected for theirexpertise, experience and strengths that they contribute. The concept ofrecoveryin the experience of mental health and illness The concept of recovery oriented culture in mental health and illness services dealswith providing proper assistance to the people with mental health complications with proper combination of treatments, supports and services. Recovery oriented practise of mental health also centres on the eliminationof discrimination via removing barriers and thereby promoting comprehensive participation in education, work and community life (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). According to the reports published by Dalum et al. (2015), health care professionals passthrough recovery-oriented changes in their attitude directed towards life with mental illness. This alters their approach of professional practise and directs it towards the stronger focus on clients personal goal rather than disease oriented goals. Parker (2014) further opined that the philosophy of recovery from mental illness is a personal process that is based on four internal condition that includes hope, understandin g, empowerment and connection. For these four condition to exist, Parker (2014) have proposed proper implementation of four key values namely person oriented care, involvement of the person, self choice or self determination and hope. Main ideas of the National framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers The national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services provides a direction towards the new policy in order to up lift the mental health service procurement in Australia. The framework supports attitudinal and cultural change and encourages a principal review of mix of skills within the team of mental health. The main idea of the framework is to provide a detailed analysis of the recovery and lived experience. According to the framework, recovery-oriented approach offers a transformative conceptual for practise and service procurement in mental health which recognizing the values of lived experience and insight of people with mental health complication and their family members. Furthermore, here the concept of recovery is linked the ability to live and create a meaningful and contributing life under the community settings with or without the presence of mental health issues. Thus the recovery-oriented mental health service delivery is mostly emphasizes on the needs and t he aspirations of the people and requires a shared commitments and visions at all level of organisations (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). Sandy Jeffs: Recovery Oriented Practice Sandy Jeffs was found saying in the video published by Australian Human Rights Commission (2016) that people who are suffering from the mental health complications has no purpose in life, no reasoning, no hope, no meaning. She said, because you are mental ill, people look down at you, people stigmatized you. According to her, this lack of aim in life lowers their self-esteem and thereby increasing the chronicity of the problem. Sheopined that it is the duty of the people in the community to help this group of people via providing them with meaningful job and thereby helping them to get a sense of worthiness in life. She mainly said that all they need is equal opportunity to work along with guidance. One cannot chuck people in a situationforcefully and blame them for their failure. It is the duty of the people residing in the community to provide support to the mentally ill people in order to cope up with the work conduction. The opinion of Sandy Jeffs goes in sync with the National f ramework for recovery-oriented mental health services. According to this framework, the recovery structure must model based on education, employment, housing and social plus family relationships. This it provides a direct approach towards person centred care model along with taking proper actions towards social inclusion and social determinants. Thus it is the duty of the mental health care professionals to build the therapy plan based on individuals values and this will in turn promote self-understanding of their psychosis and thereby supporting fast recovery and subsequent development of self-management skills (Stanghellini, Bolton Fulford, 2013). Mental healthcare professionals must also work in unison with the community members towards the way of underpinning cultural and social factors, which will promote social inclusion, and thereby contributing towards the lower levels of stigma, during the tenure of extreme hardship (Evans-Lacko et al., 2014; Tew et al., 2012). While illustrating per personal story, Sandy Jeffs quoted, I was told by the doctors that I would go deeper into the madness from which I will never ever recover. So the prognosis was disgusting and so in order to do something fruitful, I started documenting my madness in poetry. The National framework for recovery-oriented mental health servicesalso vouch towards the active observance of the supporting personal recovery. Like in case of Sandy Jeffs, the mental healthcare professionals instead of demotivating her recovery, progress, must have supported towards fast personal recovery. According to Slade et al. (2012) demotivation or lack of hope decreases the hope of the mental health patients and thereby increasing the severity of the mental health complications further. Slade et al. (2012) have further opined that recovery is not about getting physically fit or ceasing the requirement of support. The true meaning of recovery is recovering a life, the right to participate in all face ts of economic and civic life as an equal citizen. In the video Sandy Jeffs has said that her first book got published whenshe was 40 years old and it changed her life completely. Thus, it can be said that her poetry came as a medium of salvation that helped her to emote her pain and thereby helping her to cope with the mental health complications. For example in her poem Medicated, she has written: Ive been Imipramined, Prothiadened, Lexaproed Effexored Zolofted to happiness I was ValiumedAtivaned into tranquility Now Im Zyprexaed ravenous fuzzled Im Lamotrigined balanced Seroquelled Yes indeedy, Im medicated dedicated to The medication trolley Heres looking at you pill bottles This intricate use of the names of the anti-depression pills and its linage towards its prospective outcomes provided a detailed insight about how she has used her poetry to express her feelings associated with rigorous intake to innumerable medicines and she has right-fully accepted the entire process.According to the Sealet al. (2012) medicines might provide an instant relief from the physical complication but active mental support along with proper procurement of medicine will accelerate the path of recovery. The same thing is evident from the poem of Sandy Jeff that she is only living on piles of medicines and considering medicines are her enemy or competitors however, proper mental support will help her recover faster by considering medicines not as her competitor but as a medium to fast recovery. This approach goes in accordance with the guidance of tailoring recovery-oriented responses as this promotes comprehensive health and wellbeing via proving both medication and mental h ealth support (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). In another poem named McMadness, she has written, Now that you are here terms conditions apply you can only stay a few days but dont worry well get you McSane before you can say can I have some compassion with that? well give you drugs that will fatten you up kill your libido make you dribble constipated turn you into a zombie sedate to you to exhaustion eventually bring on diabetes cardiovascular disease premature death but well have you out of here like shit off a shovel even if youre still mad Thus it shows that how the doctors brutally prescribeseries of medicines without analysing its associated side-effects and how the consumptions of gamut medicines are actually reducing the quality of life of the mental health patients. According to Murrough et al. (2013) the side-effects of anti-depressant pills hampers the quality of life in the long run via generating mental health complications. So in order to produce comprehensive health and well-being it the duty of the healthcare professionals to procure therapy plan based on the life circumstances (physical and mental) and thus giving importance towards person centered care based on lived experiences (Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council, 2017). Moreover, Bratman, Hamilton and Daily (2012) is of the opinion that both natural and physical environment impact the health and well-being of the human. The physical complications arising out of the long-term anti-depressant treatments might have their own further medication ap proach but providing assistance in the form of upliftment of the surrounding environment will provide the mental health patient strength to cope up with the associated physical complications. Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that framing of the mental health recovery plan based on the lived experience of the mental health practitioners or mental health service consumers will promote fastest recovery of the mental health patients. The National framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers provide a detailed recovery-oriented service delivery plan for comprehensive procurement of the mental health therapy. Under this therapy person centred care, health and well-being and actions towards social exclusion gets special prominence and this gain aligns with the lived experience of Sandy Jeffs. References Australian Health Ministers Advisory Council., (2017). A national framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: Guide For Practitioners And Providers. Access date: 3rd April. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/67D17065514CF8E8CA257C1D00017A90/$File/recovgde.pdf Australian Human Rights Commission., (2010). 2010 Media Release: Shortlists announced for 2010 Human Rights Awards. Access date: 10th April 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/media-releases/2010-media-release-shortlists-announced-2010-human-rights-awards Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., Daily, G. C. (2012). The impacts of nature experience on human cognitive function and mental health.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1249(1), 118-136. Dalum, H. S., Pedersen, I. K., Cunningham, H., Eplov, L. F. (2015).From Recovery Programs to Recovery-Oriented Practice?A Qualitative Study of Mental Health Professionals' Experiences When Facilitating a Recovery-Oriented Rehabilitation Program.Archives of psychiatric nursing,29(6), 419-425. Department of Health Australia., (2013). A National framework for recovery-oriented mental health services: guide for practitioners and providers. Accessed on: 2nd April. 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/67D17065514CF8E8CA257C1D00017A90/$File/2.pdf Evans-Lacko, S., Courtin, E., Fiorillo, A., Knapp, M., Luciano, M., Park, A. L., ...Gulacsi, L. (2014). The state of the art in European research on reducing social exclusion and stigma related to mental health: a systematic mapping of the literature.European Psychiatry,29(6), 381-389. Maddocks, S., Johnson, S., Wright, N., Stickley, T. (2010). A phenomenological exploration of the lived experience of mental health nurses who care for clients with enduring mental health problems who are parents.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,17(8), 674-682. Murrough, J. W., Perez, A. M., Pillemer, S., Stern, J., Parides, M. K., aan het Rot, M., ...Iosifescu, D. V. (2013). Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment-resistant major depression.Biological psychiatry,74(4), 250-256. Parker, J. (2014).Recovery in mental health.SAMJ: South African Medical Journal,104(1), 77-77. Poetry recital from Sandy Jeffs "Medicated"., (2016). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-MS4Sbv8Ng Sandy Jeffs., (2012). McMadness.Centre of Medical Humanities: Durham University. Retrieved from: https://centreformedicalhumanities.org/medicated-and-mcmadness/ Sandy Jeffs., (2012). Medicated.Centre of Medical Humanities: Durham University. Retrieved from: https://centreformedicalhumanities.org/medicated-and-mcmadness/ Sandy Jeffs., (2013). Somethingincommon.gov.au. Australian Human Rights Commission. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEszvWRsgZgt=23s Seal, K. H., Shi, Y., Cohen, G., Cohen, B. E., Maguen, S., Krebs, E. E., Neylan, T. C. (2012). Association of mental health disorders with prescription opioids and high-risk opioid use in US veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan.Jama,307(9), 940-947. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G., ... Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery?oriented practices in mental health systems.World Psychiatry,13(1), 12-20. Stanghellini, G., Bolton, D., Fulford, W. K. (2013).Person-centered psychopathology of schizophrenia: building on Karl Jaspers understanding of patients attitude toward his illness.Schizophrenia bulletin,39(2), 287-294. Tew, J., Ramon, S., Slade, M., Bird, V., Melton, J., Le Boutillier, C. (2012). Social factors and recovery from mental health difficulties: a review of the evidence.The British Journal of Social Work,42(3), 443-460.

Korean Clothing Shop in Auckland Am Essay Example

Korean Clothing Shop in Auckland Am Essay Assignment 1 Organisation Background Korean Cloth Shop Introduction 1. 1 Organization Product and Services 1. 2 Company’s Vision and Mission 1. 3 Market Profile 1. 4 Corporate Objectives 2. Contents 2. 1 Corporate Strategy 2. 2 Marketing Strategy 2. 3 Strategic linkage/relationship between corporate marketing strategies 2. 4 Scope of Marketing Strategy 3. Summary 4. Reference Introduction 1.1 Organisation Product and Services was built by CEO Kim in the middle of Elliott Street, Auckland, New Zealand, started to build its reputation since 2003. It is a Korean fashion style cloth shop and Kim named it ‘AM’ because the word literally means ‘identity’. And now it became one of the most popular Korean cloths shop in Auckland city. ‘Am’ mainly sells Korean style fashion cloths in Auckland. However, they started to extent their range of products handling accessories such as bags, hats and shoesrecently. The range of their products is now targeting teenage groups and up to age of 30’smen and women who are interested in wearing fashionable cloths. The ownership belongs to CEO Kim and below theCEO, there is three Chinese staffs composited of one duty manager and 2 staffs who are operating the shop from 10:00am to 7:00pm. ‘Am’ does not have other franchise or partnership in Auckland however; they sell brand clothes and accessories from directly imported from Korea market. ‘Am’ values the quality of product and providing fashionable wearing in Auckland. It pays huge attention to the new fashion trends and trying to get high quality cloths from branding cloth companies with great reputation from Korea. 1. 2 Vision and Mission Vision According to Strategic Management-competitiveness and globalisation, (Hanson, Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2011, page 18) vision is â€Å"A picture of what the firm wants to be and, in broad terms, what it wants to ultimately achieve†. It basically means that when a company has clear and good vision, the company is more likely to focus on achieving its goals. The vision of ‘Am’ is simple which is, To become a leader of fashion trend and introducing Korean fashion in NZ market. † Mission Below the vision, missions specify the business in which the firm intends to compete and the customers it intends to serve (Hanson, Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2011, page 18-19). In other words, they are bundles of objectives to achieve their vision. The Missions of ‘Am’ are; -To build cooperative relationships between the suppliers and the company. To introduce Korean trends to young groups in NZ market. -To continue to develop markets and extend the co mpany throughout NZ. 1. 3 Market profile We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Clothing Shop in Auckland Am specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Clothing Shop in Auckland Am specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Clothing Shop in Auckland Am specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to statistics NZ, Asian ethnic group was New Zealands fourth largest major ethnic group after European, Maori, and Other Ethnicity, totalling 354,552 people (9. 2 percent) in 2006. And Two-thirds of people (66. 1 percent or 234,222 people) who identified with one or more Asian ethnic group(s) usually lived in the Auckland Region(Statistics NZ, 2006). As you can see from the chart, there was huge change of number of Korean in NZ. Chinese were always number one group in NZ and both Chinese and Korean know well each other in culture, therefore the main target markets are Chinese and Koreans. lt;Source from Statistics NZ Census 2006; 1. 4 Corporate Objectives According to Jim Riley, Corporate objectives are statements of specific outcomes that the firms want to achieve in relation of business as a whole. (Tutor2u, 2012) The corporate objectives are similar to those missions of ‘Am’. -To increase sales by selling Korean fashion cloths through the Auckland market. To increase the reputation of ‘Am’ among young international group and become as a representative brand in NZ market. 2. Content 2. 1 Corporate Strategy Corporate strategy is the overall scope and direction of a company to achieve goals. (Business Dictionary, 2013) Stabilize the current position and build higher reputation in Auckland Market Make profit and survive in the market Hire more employees and extend the size of the shop 2003 2005 2007 Become a leading company in fashion industry in Auckland 2009 2. 2 Marketing Strategy Product Am’s products are composited of four main brands; ‘CC Collect’, ‘EnC’, ‘96ny’ and ‘Top girl’ which are famous brand among 20~30 aged woman in Korean market. These brands guarantee high quality and great fashion sense of cloths. For women, ‘Am’ provides -Skirt -Mink Coat -Jackets -Shirt -Shoes -Jeans -Skinny pants -One piece -Accessories (Hats, necklace and etc. ) For Men, -Pants -Jackets -Shoes -Shirts -Belts Distribution The distribution system of ‘Am’ is very distinctive compared to other shops in Auckland. Unlike other shops in Auckland clothing shops, the CEO of ‘Am’ Kim, goes to Korea four times a year to look at the products and visits four brands shops in the market. Whenever Kim visits Korea, he looks around at the trends of fashion air in market and analyzes it by running through the market and chooses his own products to sell with his 20 years of experience. If he finds the products among four brands which he think they have competiveness in market, he orders the products and sends them directly from Korea to Auckland. By the time when Kim comes back from Korea, within 1 or 2 week, products he ordered arrive to his shop and after that, staffs display them and sell the products to customers in the market. Look at the Market in Korea Order the products v Receive the Products Display the Products Sells the Products Choose the products Place ‘Am’ is located at Crown plaza, middle of Elliot Street where most of young generation groups of people visit to shop for clothing accessories in Auckland. Target Market As mentioned above, ‘The Asian ethnic group was New Zealands fourth largest major ethnic group after European, Maori, and Other Ethnicity, totaling 354,552 people (9. 2 percent) in 2006. And according to Statistics New Zealand, there was a high proportion of young adults in the Asian ethnic group, with 3 in 10 people (31. 0 percent) aged between 15 and 29 years. Am’ aims young Chinese and Korean men and women who are aged between 18~30 in Auckland. However, if we look at the chart below, most of the main customers who visit ‘Am’ are Chinese by 80% followed by Koreans 15 percent. 2. 3 Strategic Linkage According to statistics NZ Reference http://www. tutor2u. net/business/strategy/objectives. htm

A case study of Australian women managers in the educational sector

Introduction According to Starr and White (2008) the Australian educational system has changed significantly in the last two decades through both at the state and federal levels. In response to globalization, for instance, the education system has undergone restructuring which is intended to increase global competitiveness in trade, workforce capacity and innovations. These changes in the education system no doubt brought with them management challenges to school administrators.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on A case study of Australian women managers in the educational sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schools are unique and are managed by different managers; thus, they experience different challenges. In the past few decades women have taken leadership roles in all spheres of life thanks to several strategies and pressures on governments through affirmative Action, women have gained acceptance worldw ide in management positions particularly in schools. Consequently, women managers like their male counterparts in schools are faced with challenges which require them to be very innovative, skilled, and highly knowledgeable (Sandra Gloria 1996). Effective conflict management at the workplace ensures the smooth function of the workplace. Most often the introduction of new technology in the workplace sparks the beginning of conflicts between the management and the employees. In reaction to such developments some employees do display what is referred to as â€Å"Challenging behavior† –behavior exhibited by an employee that can interfere with the implementation of such developments at the workplace (Mayer 1995). Challenging behaviors can also be exhibited outside the workplace, thus affecting the image of the organization as well as the community. As a result, the research intends to address the conflict management issues among women school managers that result from the i ntroduction of new technologies in the workplace. The research endeavors to unearth such challenges and suggest recommendations that are necessary to improve and address such challenges. There is no right way to manage; however, there are some fundamental principles and practices that can be employed by managers to ensure the efficiency of management techniques. Australia is among the countries that have been referred to as having feminized their education system denoting that female teachers represent a larger number of the teaching workforce. Despite these developments in the Australian educational system, most schools still employ male managers to head the schools (Reynolds 2002). Similarly, women elsewhere still remain under represented within the educational leadership as well as other areas of key executive management. Furthermore, research into women’s leadership style indicate that women managers are caring, communicative, collaborative and consensus oriented and tran sformational as opposed to men who are authoritarian (Reynolds 2002).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This leadership style of women drew the focus of the researcher to women managers in order to understand how their accommodative leadership style is applied in the conflict resolution. Accommodative leaders engage others in decision making process before the implementation of new ideas thus involving parties that are involved in the conflict (Sandra Gloria 1996). Moreover, since the research intends to address the specifically the introduction of new technology-e-Learning- women managers becomes the perfect objects of study as they are considered to more oriented towards innovation than their male counterparts (Kruger 1996). In addition, women managers have had to face deterrents that the male counterparts do not face in the implementation of management decision in the organization. They are further considered as managers who make decisions based on ethical considerations thus making them a perfect case study in understanding conflict management in relation to introduction and adoption of new technologies. Literature Review The information society represents the new phase in human civilization, thus educators must embrace the new technologies that come along with it. However, in incorporating these new trends in the education system educators are bound to face several challenges that emanate from resistance in part from the education stakeholders. In the contemporary complex and ever changing society, conflict is a fact of life and it can result in a great deal of injury or good depending on the management style of the leaders in the organization (Whitefield 1994). Still conflict between management and employees in today’s workplace is inevitable. Thus conflict management strategies employed by managers might differ depending on the intend ed purpose; for instance, some managers employ strategies that seek to reduce conflict, others employ strategies that seek to eliminate conflict, while others might employ strategies that seek to increase conflict. New information and communication technology has greatly changed the perspective of educational practice. The implementation of these new information and communication technologies in the education system is considered one of the most challenging and important issue in the 21st Century.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on A case study of Australian women managers in the educational sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The International Colloquium at Stanford in 1996 distinguished the urgent reforms to be incorporated in to the education system by educators. The first suggestion was the introduction of computers into the education system, the emphasis being that the citizen coming out of schools mu st be well equipped to fit in the information society. With these changes in the education system, educators particularly managers are placed in conflict situations in attempting to implement these changes. Concept of Conflict Management Conflict management is absolutely necessary for organizations that endeavor to achieve efficiency and competitive advantage over others.. According to D’OoSteerlinck and Broeckaert (2003), challenges posed by conflict in the organization impede the efficiency and effectiveness-the two variables commonly used to measure competency of managers. Conflict management (Mayer 1995) is a process through which the management encourages the interaction of different skills, knowledge and attitudes towards achieving effective running of the organization. It can involve negotiation that might compel the manager to bring together the different diverse individuals or groups into deliberating on to the problems of the organization. Mayer (1995) further notes that â€Å"lack of proficient conflict management has pervasive detrimental impact on productivity and career fulfillment† (p.80). Management of conflicts that arise from the wholesome or partial rejection of management decisions often focuses on the armed aspects of the conflict towards bringing the misunderstanding to an end, by limiting the spread of the conflict within the organization thus containing it. Thus from this perspective conflict management is aimed at bringing consensus between the two parties that are in conflict. Conflict management helps improving interpersonal relationships at the workplace. The interpersonal development of employees is necessary for the improvement of employee’s feelings of self worth and competence (Kuye, Thornhill Fourie 2002). Interpersonal development guides employee’s actions as it provides the employees with clear guidelines with regards to their job requirements and expectations. Consequently, it fosters the positiv e working relationships between managers and employees. According to D’OoSteerlinck and Broeckaert (2003), conflict management is a communicative process that attempts to understand the causes, types and impacts of conflicts in the work environment. Thus conflict also viewed as a problem that results when competing parties strive to acquire at the same time a set of scarce resources. From this competitive perspective, the parties involved in the conflict are competitors. The factor the influences conflict from this perspective is scarcity of the resource in question. However, these competitors should not be viewed as enemies’ per-se but should be viewed rational beings that struggle over something that important them (Barash Webel 2002). According to Kuye et al (2002), conflict often results when ideas differ dramatically amongst people. The disharmony can occur between individuals or groups that belong to the same organization, for example, employers and workers.Adve rtising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conflict can also result when different parties peruse mutually exclusive goals, values or events. In this scenario, the conflicting parties share different objectives (Achinstein 2002). Where individuals or parties experience that the views of the others are different, conflict occurs. Major Challenges The challenges that female managers may face in the implementation of management decision such as introduction of new technology in teaching include: Leading the change process Occasionally new technologies may appear that promises to change the lives of through improvement of workforce performance or creation of possibilities previously unavailable. Computers are such machines (Castells 2000). Even with such benefits there is little research to show that introduction of e-learning for instance improves the quality of learning making such introduction a contentious issue. The implementation of the change process in schools is often considered a key challenge in school management sinc e most managers do not fully understand the task. Before implementing any changes in the school, sense of teamwork should be first established between the managers and the employees. Thus, the managers need the support of their staff in order to be able to make changes in school (Sharp Walter 2003). Furthermore, in the implementation of new technologies in the school requires prior planning as it will enable the manager to give directions to staff and other role players as per the vision and goal of the school. According to Sharp and Walter (2003) planning helps the employees to know precisely how to effectively use their time and energies in attaining organizational goals and objectives. Moreover, the implementation of new processes will require constant meetings between managers and the staff in order to able to monitor the progress of the new technique. Lunberg and Irby (2006) argue that the success at which the implementation of new technologies in the schools largely depends o n the ways, in which the manager plans, leads, organizes and monitors the process. Accountability There remains a wide gap between the educational theory and practice regarding the value of new technology in learning. On several occasions the educators have to decide on their own between competing ideas the most appropriate for a particular circumstance. Theories of educational technology have failed to account for a number of technological impasses that philosophical analysis has been able to predict and explain, for example, technology enabling new forms of interaction. This indicates that there are inadequate conceptual tools for the education technology community to understand its own methodological difficulties (Castells 2000). According to Kogan (1986), the answerability of the school managers to the government of that particular country help provides standard education defined by the country’s legislation. Women mangers thus in the implementation of new technologies in the education system must convince the government that introduction of such technologies will not hamper the delivery of quality education, but rather improve it. This is often met with opposition from the policy makers who in most cases are men. The schools themselves are highly structured with clear hierarchy and accountability and firm guidelines that occasionally are not flexible enough to accommodate new innovations. In this case, the strategy employed by women managers to overcome such conflicts may include the preservation of good relations with the community in the locals, internally within the school and externally with the stakeholders (Sugrue 2005). He states that managers found it unnerving from the time an inspection is carried out and the time the reports are released. Managing diversity According to Cuban (2001), apart from educators being ‘luddites’ they adopt technologies that match their beliefs about student learning and which adds to the psychologic al rewards of teaching. Educators become indifferent to changes that they view as irrelevant to their practice, weakening their control in the classroom or increasing their burden. With evaluative reports continuing to criticize technology for failing to live up to its promise of providing greater learning opportunities to students, the educational managers are faced with uphill task in implementing the adoption of such technologies into the learning environment. Since the introduction of computers into schools, teachers have been reluctant to implement them because of lack of universal agreement on how teachers should be prepared to use technology. These managers who operate in environments with diverse opinions, norms, cultural beliefs and even gender diversity must bring all these divergent views into a consensus if an agreement into implementing the technology is to be reached. Research Questions The research questions are: What are the major challenges in conflict management c onfronting managers in implementing the adoption of new technologies in schools? What do managers perceive to be causes of these challenges? How do school managers address the major conflict management challenges they confront? Research Objectives General Objective The purpose of the study is to identify the challenges that face women managers in schools in carrying out their management decision particularly in relation to adoption of new technology in education. Specific Objectives The study aims to: To investigate the literature regarding the management challenges women managers in schools face while performing their administrative duties. To explore the strategies adopted by women managers in schools in addressing the various operational challenges they face. To make conclusions and recommendations for the effective management of schools by women managers. Justification of the Study Conflict management is a key component of public management and largely determines the efficie ncy of any particular organization. Recently the government of Australia introduced leadership frameworks, standards, or performance contracts to guide the work of professionals. These documents in the school context emphasize the improvement of performance without addressing the challenges that these managers face. Analysis that explores the challenges that face women managers as it relates to education provision and women’s equality in employment have logically followed. The significance of this study lies in the fact that establishing the challenges facing women managers will be helpful to the policy makers to put in place measures that will help address the challenges identified. Ethical considerations and committee approval A formal submission including a semi-structured interview questionnaire and a letter to the managers of participating schools-those managed by women-will be sent to Victoria University of Human Research Ethics Committee (VUHREC) for approval. I have t he obligation to protect the anonymity of research participants and keep research data confidential throughout. This is due to the fact that some teachers might disclose some information concerning their manager’s shortcoming in the administrative job in school. I will assign numbers or letters instead of names to represent the school. It is also my obligation to tell the respondents the truth and give them all the facts about the research in order to make an informed decision about participating or not. They should also sign an informed consent form before engaging in the research. Research Methodology This part presents the procedures that will be used to conduct the study. The chapter focuses on research design, and study population, sample population, sampling procedure, data collection methods, data processing and analysis. Research Design Both descriptive and qualitative research method will be used in this inquiry. McMillan and Schumacher (1997) described qualitative r esearch method as a design which typically investigates behaviour when it naturally occurs in a non contrived situation. On the other hand, descriptive survey designs will used in preliminary and exploratory studies to allow researcher to gather information, summarize, present and interpret for the purpose of clarification. Descriptive investigation research according to Borg and Gall (1989) is anticipated to produce statistical information about facets of education that concern policy makers in education. Investigation of the problem will be conducted by means of both literature synopsis and empirical investigation. Sample Population A sample is small segment of a target population while sampling means selecting a given number of subjects from a defined population to be representative of that population (Neuman 2000).From all the 16 public primary schools in Victoria, Australia managed by women, only eight schools will be selected using simple random sampling technique to take part in the study. There will also be four teachers from each of the sampled schools, two male and two women, to participate in the study. As such, the sample size for the study will be 8 women principals, 16 women teachers and 16 male teachers making a total of 40 participants. Sampling Procedure Purposive sampling will be used to select participants who are conversant with the topic under discussion. In this regard simple random sampling technique is employed and eight public schools managers from Victoria, Australia are selected forming 50% of the target population which is higher than the recommended minimum of ten percent (Gay 1992). Further, two teachers from each of the sample schools; two males and two females will be selected to participate in the study. Data Collections Methods Data collection will be done through intensive, semi-structured, recorded interviews with 8 women managers, 16 male and 16 female teachers and -some conducted face-to-face and others via telephone; thro ugh whole group questionnaires; and through discussions and observations recorded as field notes. Data Processing and Analysis Data analysis will begin from the onset of the interviews until the process of interviews are completed. After all the data is collected, the analysis of the transcripts will be reduced through a procedure known as coding (Denzin Lincoln 1994). At this stage the researcher will conduct data reduction, presentation and interpretation. The researcher will carefully but accurately transcribe the responses from participants recorded telephone calls as well as audio recordings. Transcripts from the interview questionnaire will be read and key points noted. Similarities and differences will be identified and key challenges presented by the managers, teachers and educators noted too. The coded data will be entered in the computer for analysis using the statistical package for social science (SPSSS) (Miller et al. 2002). Descriptive statistics such as percentages m eans and frequencies will be used to report the data, which will be reported in summary form using frequency tables, histograms and pie charts. Conclusion Conflict management in any workplace is an important component of public management that must be thoroughly articulated if efficiency is to be attained in the workplace. Furthermore, for the managers to achieve good working relationships with their colleagues, teachers and all the education stakeholders, they must ensure that they employ the best possible strategies in managing conflicts. The study will only include female managers and teachers while students will be left out. This is because the study would be too wide and there is less interaction between the managers and students as compared to teachers and managers when it comes implementing new education technologies. As such, the research is limited to a small number of samples which of course is typical of the qualitative research; therefore, the findings cannot be generali zed. From the literature reviewed, it has emerged that various studies have been carried out on challenges faced by managers in management of schools, but no previous studies have identified on the strategies adopted by them in dealing with challenges faced. List of References Archinstein, B 2002, â€Å"Conflict amid community: the Micropolitics of teacher collaboration,† Teachers College Record.104 (3): pp. 421-455 Barash, DP and Webel, CP 2002, â€Å"Peace and conflict studies,† SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, London. Borg, WR Gall MD 1989, Education research. An Introduction,† 4th edition, Longman, New York. Castells, M 2000, â€Å"The information age: Economy, society and culture,† 2nd ed. Blackwell: Oxford. Cuban, L 2001, â€Å"Oversold and underused: Computers in the classroom,† Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA. Denzin, MK and Lincoln, YS 1994, â€Å"Handbook of qualitative research,† SAGE Publications: California. D’Oo sterlinck, F Broekaert, E 2003, â€Å"Integrating school based and therapeutic conflict management models at schools,† The Journal of School Health. 73 (5): pp. 222-225 Gay, LR 1992, â€Å"Educational research,† McMillan Publishing Company: Singapore. Kogan, M 1986, â€Å"Education accountability: an analytical overview,† Hutchinson: London. Kruger, M 1996, â€Å"Gender issues in school leadership: quality versus power,† European Journal of Education. 31(4): pp. 447-461 Kuye, JO, Thornhill, C Fourie, D 2002, â€Å"Public administration,† Heinemann Publishers Ltd: Sandown. Lunenburg, F Irby, B 2006, â€Å"The principalship: Vision to action,† Thomson Wadswoth: USA. Mayer, R 1995, â€Å"Conflict management: the Courage to confront, â€Å"Battelle Press: Columbus, Richland. McMillan, JH Schumacher, S 1997, â€Å"Research in education: a Conceptual framework.† Longman: New York. Miller, R et al. 2002, â€Å"SPSS for Social Scientis ts,† Palgrave Macmillan. Neuman, WL 2000, â€Å"Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches,† Allyn and Bacon: Boston. Reynolds, C 2002, â€Å"Women and school leadership,† State University of New York Press: Albany. Sandra, L and Gloria, A 1996, â€Å"Highly successful women administrators,† Corwin Press: New York. Sharp, W Walter, K 2003, â€Å"The Principal as school manager,† 2nd edition, Scarecrow Education: Lanham. Starr, K White, S 2008, â€Å"The Small rural school principalship: Key challenges and cross-school responses,† Journal of Research in Rural Education, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 108-118, via psu education articles. Sugrue, C (Ed.) 2005, â€Å"Passionate principalship,† Routledge-Falmer: London. Whitefield, J 1994, â€Å"Conflicts in construction: Avoiding, managing, resolving,† MacMillan: New York. Appendix I Semi structured interview questionnaire for women managers, school teachers and educato rs How would you define conflict and conflict management in your words? Kindly report the nature of conflicts which occur in your school? Amongst the reported conflicts which one{s} is/are as a result of implementation or an introduction of new teaching techniques? What are your feelings about these conflicts? What are the conflict resolutions styles that you use in school to manage the conflicts? Kindly report the efficiency of these conflict resolution styles. What is your opinion on the effectiveness of your school manager in conflict resolution? Kindly identify areas that you think the school managers need to improve when implementing management decision particularly those related to technology adoption. Please kindly report on any further area{s} that you feel is not addressed by this questionnaire. Appendix II Research Schedule Activity Time Commitment Completion Date Develop topic proposal 30 hours 19/05/12 Topic approval by supervisor 3 hours 22/05/12 Literature r eview 50 hours 26/06/12 Develop research proposal 50 hours 24/06/12 Research proposal approval by supervisor 3 hours 31/06/12 Develop survey questionnaire 20 hours 28/06/12 Questionnaire survey approval by supervisor 3 hours 05/06/12 Questionnaire survey approval by ethics committee 3 hours 26/07/12 Mail/distribute questionnaire survey 20 hours 30/08/12 Awaiting survey responses N/A 30/09/12 Data entry and analysis 50 hours 31/11/12 Write research project 100 hours 28/12/12 Draft review by supervisor 5 hours 07/12/12 Finalize research project 50 hours 31/03/13 Proof read 5 hours 04/04/13 Formatting referencing 7 hours 07/04/13 Submit research report 1 hour 11/04/13 TOTAL 400 Hours This assessment on A case study of Australian women managers in the educational sector was written and submitted by user Ray Wolfe to help you with your own studies. 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The Conflict between Boston Charter Schools and School Districts

The Conflict between Boston Charter Schools and School Districts Introduction: Where the Conflict Begins Charter schools have been an integral part of an education system in a range of states for quite a while. However, with the evolution of pedagogy, the development of new learning theories and teaching approaches, the necessity for teachers to adopt new approaches has emerged.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Conflict between Boston Charter Schools and School Districts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, charter schools are currently experiencing the necessity to grow and expand, yet this growth is halted by the lack of financial support from school districts. It should be born in mind that the emergence of the so-called charter schools is by no means an accident. The establishment of the charter school system was a response to the flaws of the U.S. education system, and an introduction of the model, that could authorise and build capacity in the education system of the state. A closer look at the way in which the Boston charter schools are organised will reveal that the existing system presuppose a complete independency in terms of defining the program and the teaching strategies required for addressing the needs of the target students (i.e., the necessity to assist ESL students and the students, who lack financial support from their families) (Peyser para. 1–6). Conflict Analysis: History, Participants and Environment The conflict between charter schools and school districts is not new; in fact, the history of confrontations between the local authorities and the people representing corresponding education establishments has been going on since the day that the two phenomena emerged. However, charter schools being a rather recent and specific innovation in the history of education, the dilemma regarding the freedom, which schools should be provided with, has taken a new turn. Among the key participants, Boston charter schools and the l ocal school districts must be mentioned. Neither of the opponents is willing to compromise, the schools demanding that they should be given the right to expand, and the school district authorities refusing to provide financial support from the establishments that they have practically no control over.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The environment, in which the conflict has been brewing for several years, is quite specific. Boston is a unique city with a rather rich history; however, as far as its economic success is concerned, the number of people coming from a low income background is quite high. Therefore, the school district does not consider investing into the development of the Boston charter schools a rational step and prefers to disregard the demands of the Boston charter school teachers. Dispute Resolution: A â€Å"Portfolio† School System The signific ance of the conflict specified above is tremendous. While the confrontation between the parties involved into it is not as severe as military conflicts are (Harvard Business Review 69), it still causes a lot of concern and leads to a variety of questions, including the possible changes to the financial support for Boston public schools, which may suffer as a result of budget cuts that may be made by the school district. Therefore, it goes without saying that the method for addressing the situation must satisfy the needs and meet the demands of both charter and public schools, as well as the school district. The â€Å"portfolio† system, which has been suggested in order to address the problem specified above, truly is an original solution customised uniquely for the benefit of both Boston charter schools and local school districts. The solution suggested by the people concerned about the issue seems perfect; it hurts neither of the parties and at the same time works for the be nefit of charter schools. The very title for the new type of schools represents a perfect solution to the problem and the satisfactory result for all the parties involved, since it presupposes that the control over the new type of charter schools will be split in equal proportions between school districts and heads of the charter schools. As a result, it will be possible for school districts to track down the financial transactions, which charter schools make, and check what charter schools’ administration spends the finances provided by the school district on. This is the power divide strategy that will help all those involved benefit (Melamed 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Conflict between Boston Charter Schools and School Districts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the conflict management perspective, the solution to the confrontation between charter schools and school districts is impeccable. Though it does involve a compromise and demands it from each of the parties, it rewards a positive response with an opportunity for charter schools to expand and for school districts to control the financial transactions of the Boston schools, therefore, making the process of budget distribution much easier. This, however, raises the question whether BATNA could be developed in case the school district refuses to compromise. Interpreted as the best alternative to a negotiated solution, BATNA actually does not require that a negotiation with the opponent should be carried out: â€Å"BATNAs are critical to negotiation because you cannot make a wise decision about whether to accept a negotiated agreement unless you know what your alternatives are† (Sprangler 1). The incorporation of BATNA in the set of tools for addressing the problem, however, invites the question concerning the future communication between the school district and Boston charter schools. Methods Implementation : The Negotiation Process While the solution described above seems quite obvious and presupposes that reasonable compromises should be made by both opponents, it would be too optimistic to assume that the negotiation process is going to be carried out impeccably and that the discussion procedure is going to flow smoothly. Instead, it can be expected that the participants of the negotiation will be unwilling to accept their part of the compromise and refuse to make the final step towards reconciliation and the improvement of their relationships. Therefore, the negotiation process must be thought through outstandingly well. Recognizing their mistakes will be the first step towards improving the situation for the Boston school district and the local charter schools. The process is not going to be easy, though, According to what Dunning’s research has shown, people traditionally fail to come to terms due to the inability to recognise their own mistakes:Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Recent research we have conducted, however, suggests that people are not adept at spotting the limits of their knowledge and expertise† (Dunning, Johnson, Ehrlinger and Kruger 83). As a rule, the unwillingness to admit the obvious failure can be explained by the fear of being socially ostracised and labelled as incompetent. Herein the key to solving the conflict lies; it is essential to help the parties involved realise that their ability to recognise their fault redeems them as people, who are capable of telling the right solution from the wrong one. As Dunning put it, â€Å"If poor performers are given the skills necessary to distinguish correct from incorrect answers, then they would be in a position to recognise their own incompetence† (Dunning et al. 85). The negotiation process, therefore, must be steered towards the compromising approach. In other words, the emphasis must be put onto developing a compromising strategy instead of focusing on the competitive one. It would also be a good idea to steer the discussion to a more comfortable analysis of the financial changes with the help of accommodative approach. Mediation Process: In Search for a Compromise Though it is desirable that the opponents in question, i.e., school district members and the people representing charter schools, should attempt at solving the issue on their own. Unless both sides of the conflict recognize the necessity to reconcile and find points of contact, there will be no point in addressing the situation. However, it could be argued that with the introduction of a third party, which will represent and entirely objective point of view, the process of negotiation will take place faster and more smoothly. Therefore, it will be reasonable to suggest that the mediation process should be facilitated by the Massachusetts Joint Committee on Education. As a third party that is not interested in the outcomes of the negotiation, yet is a major authority in the field of ed ucation, it will be a perfect mediator for resolving the specified conflict. It can be suggested that charter schools should provide additional opportunities for students; thus, it will be possible to provide the schools with the status that they need. For instance, creating courses for the students, who are willing to study specific subjects in depth, could be a way to solve the problem In addition, it is desirable that the Massachusetts charter schools should design a flexible system of upgrade based on the concept of economic and financial sustainability. Thus, the costs will be reduced impressively, and the school districts will see the potential that charter schools and their students have. Finally, it will be a good idea to arrange basketball and soccer facilities in several charter schools so that major school sport related events could be held there. Attracting participants from other schools will help raise the money that will be used as the means to upgrade charter schools to the necessary level. Key Stakeholders and Major Factors: Evaluating the Situation When it comes to defining the major stakeholders involved into the conflict, one is most likely to mention teachers of Boston charter schools and the members of the Boston school districts. Indeed, these are the sides of the conflict that remain in the spotlight most of the time; they are the main participants, and they are involved in most of the discussions concerning the issue in question. True, the Boston charter schools and the Boston school districts are obviously two essential stakeholders in the specified conflict. However, there are other stakeholders that deserve to be mentioned. First and foremost, students of the Boston charter schools must be recognised as the key stakeholders, since their future academic life, as well as their career and success in the business world, hinges on the decision that the local authorities make in order to address the situation. Naturally, such a great depe ndence on the outcome of the conflict makes the Boston charter school students the key stakeholders. However, it would be wrong to disregard the aforementioned opponents when listing the major stakeholders. The choice that the Boston school district will make will obviously affect the school staff as well, as the latter will have to alter the teaching approaches, as well as introduce new teaching strategies in order to meet new requirements. Indeed, expansion of an education establishment presupposes that the diversity rates in charter schools are going to increase significantly, which will call for designing additional strategies for meeting the needs of children with various ethnic backgrounds, gifted children, children with disabilities, etc. Moreover, the rise in the amount of students will also entail the necessity to hire more staff and, thus, to reconsider the school budget and the current schedule. Needless to say, the school districts are also highly dependent on the soluti on that will be chosen in order to address the situation. Using the budget funds for expanding charter schools means that the school district will have to cut costs for other issues concerning financial support of schools; therefore, it is in the interests of the school districts to address the issue in such a way that the costs should be minimised. Thus, the members of the school districts must also be viewed as the key stakeholders in the conflict in question. As far as the factors are concerned, there are key financial, economic and social issues that may hinder the process of conflict resolution. The financial issues top the list of the key factors. Because of the need to re-establish the current principle of a charter school operation, the costs for the innovation are going to be impressive. Carving the money out of the budget means that public schools will be left without the required support. The fact that charter schools are practically independent from school districts in t erms of their education policy, in contrast to public ones, investing into the development of charter schools hardly seems reasonable for the Boston school districts. More to the point, the fact that students from low income families, as well as students belonging to ethnic and national minorities, make most of the student population in charter schools in Boston, does not add any credibility to the plea of the heads of Boston charter schools. Though the issue specified above seems to be financial, it, in fact, should be deemed as a social one, and related to the discrimination problems within the modern society. Conclusion: Revisiting the Principles of the Education System Though the solution, which requires responsibilities distribution and power divide between school districts and school authorities, requires that major concessions should be made by both parties, mutual compromise is the only way to settle the conflict. Moreover, the specified strategy seems the only rational appr oach to be taken in this situation. Once both sides of the conflict are secure about their control over the issue, they will be able to come to terms. The mediation process, which is the key towards reaching a compromise, must be based on the principles of cooperation and presuppose that the charter schools should use their key assets to solve the conflict. At present, to reach a compromise, charter schools need to prove that they are worth investing in. Dunning, David, Kerry Johnson, Joyce Ehrlinger and Justin Kruger. â€Å"Why People Fail to Recognize Their Own Incompetence.† Current Directions in Psychological Science 12.1 (2014), 83–87. Print. Harvard Business Review. Extreme Negotiations. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review. 2010. 67–75. Print. Melamed, James. Maximizing Mediation. 2014. Web. https://www.mediate.com/pfriendly.cfm?id=97. Peyser, James A. â€Å"Boston and the Charter School Cap.† Education Next 14.1 (2014), para. 1–6. Web. http s://www.educationnext.org/boston-and-the-charter-school-cap/. Sprangler, Brad. â€Å"Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA).† Beyond Intractability. 2012. Web. https://www.beyondintractability.org/.

Behaviour in Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Behaviour in Organisation - Essay Example The change in organizational behavior has been multi-faceted and dynamic and the most defining transformation has taken place in the workplace, pertaining to major components like Globalization, Motivation, Technological developments and Workplace Values and Ethics. These changes have occurred in keeping up with the changing social, political, economic and structural aspect of the society. The paper will now discuss the above stated factors in detail and how they affect behavior of employees. Globalization During the late 1990s, a miracle called Globalization occurred. It led to an â€Å"integration of economies and societies through cross border flow of goods, services, capital, ideas, information, technologies and people† (Mcshane, 2008, p.10) and brought in the free market regime. Globalization had led to an increase in the centralization of control over business organizations and a decentralization of the performance of work. At any rate the exploring and capturing new tra de routes and maintaining control over the territory from the headquarters of one’s kingdom is a practice that was prevalent in older times as well. Globalization has re-established the same process, more effectively by using latest technological advancements. Three main trends have been observed in the development of organizational behavior. Firstly, the scope of business has been internationalized. Organizations have expanded beyond the geographical boundaries of the home countries and assumed the title of ‘Global Capitalist Corporations’. As the small size of the market was a barrier to trade due to inadequacy of demand, spanning of organizations across the globe has proved to be lucrative. For example, Switzerland’s Nestle and the Netherlands’s Heineken have both entered the global arena. Till the last decade, only big organizations could invade selective foreign markets but by the beginning of this century, globalization has aided even small an d medium firms in engage in regular buying and selling in the international market. Secondly, organizations are attempting to apply cost-effective methods of production. Thus, there has been a great emphasis on reducing labor costs. Cheap labor from developing countries of Latin America and Asia are in high demand and the level of outsourcing has risen rapidly. And, finally, exposure to the international markets is making the organizations more competitive as lagging behind in sales and profits are not an option. Chevron and Exxon increased their shares in the international markets to compete with international competitors like BP and Royal Dutch Shell. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2008, 32) All in all the changes brought about by globalization, in organizational behavior has been positive. Technological developments The transformation from industrial to information age has brought about some basic changes in the workplace. There is a need for constant innovation, decentralization of deci sion making process, dejobbing of the labor force (home based business and both temporary/part time and full time jobs), reducing the size of work units, ‘demassification’ (flexible ways of manufacturing and several options), change from â€Å"institutional help to self-help† leading to personality development. A knowledge economy and network based structure has taken the place of bureaucratic

Virtual team Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Virtual team - Research Paper Example Trust is a very crucial thing in a virtual team, which can reduce uncertainty to the global and technologically based environment. The theory of media richness and social presence questions the possibility of development of relationships and trust among members in a group (Duarte and Synder 30). The same theory asserts that use of computers to communicate may eliminate important types of communication people could use to convey trust, warmth, attentiveness, and other interpersonal affections. However, other studies have shown that communication is not a function of the characteristics of the media, but a function of context, setting, and timing. Therefore, we can view the aspects of context, setting, and timing in any theory that is attempting to argue that virtual teams cannot work in the present global society. A better way of looking at the problem of trust and relationships in virtual teams is considering communication behaviors. Communication among the members should be timed and be within the subject of concern. Also of paramount importance is commitment to communication, as regular communication produces socialization, courtship and social identification (Lipnack and Stamps 35). In conclusion, for virtual teams to succeed there are important steps to follow. These include holding a face-to-face meeting in the beginning, establishing clear codes of conduct for behavior, recognizing and rewarding for performers and every member realizing that most communications may be non-verbal so that they can be careful how they communicate (Duarte and Synder 20). A virtual team refers to a group of people who though separated by distance and/or space still work together towards a common goal by communicating using electronic means or by holding face-to-face meetings occasionally (Lipnack and Stamps Jeffrey 83). Virtual teams come because of reasons such as members not being

Plato's advise to President-Elect Obama Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plato's advise to President-Elect Obama - Essay Example A difficult, if not impossible, task awaits you to start clean when you take office. So much has gone wrong, and the consequences of previous rulers’ actions will follow you throughout your time in office. But take my advice, the genuine ruler â€Å"will take society and human character as his canvas, and begin by scraping it clean. . . . [H]e will not consent to take in hand either an individual or a state or to draft laws, until he is given a clean surface to work on or has cleansed it himself† (p. 209). You can’t hope to fix anything if failed policies and actions can’t be scraped away to make room for better governing. Weigh carefully in your mind, when you’re asked to make decisions, the worth of a specific action, over and above what it means to those who petition you. Don’t be afraid to end policies that weren’t set up with the people’s best interest in mind in the first place. Keep the greater good of the whole populatio n in mind, rather than the complaining voices of lobbyists and congressmen. Philosophically weigh the consequences of the war and the nation’s economic policies, and make decisions from a clean slate if those previous policies aren’t working. The man who held office before you seemed to me drunk with power. I believe â€Å"access to power must be confined to men who are not in love with it† (p. 235). If you fall in love with being leader of what’s been called the greatest nation on earth, you’ll forget why you were elected to this office in the first place: to serve the people. Make your life good and wise first, and then you’ll be happy and be able to rule the nation philosophically and not through power. â€Å"All goes wrong when, starved for lack of anything good in their own lives, men turn to public affairs hoping to snatch from thence the happiness they hunger for† (p. 235). Men and women who rule the nation must be philosophers

Explaining The Pumping Action In A Heart Physical Education Essay

Explaining The Pumping Action In A Heart Physical Education Essay The heart is the most important organ of the blood which keeps the other internal organs alive by supplying blood and oxygen hence making it a life maintaining organ. The objective of this essay is to explain the pumping action of the heart, transportation of oxygen by the cardiovascular system and how reduced blood flow can affect cardiac function. A treatment for this cardiac malfunctioning is also explained. I will begin the essay by explaining the anatomical structure of the heart and then explain how the pumping action of the heart. The second part of the essay will include how the reduction in blood flow can affect the cardiac function and finally a treatment to cure this problem will be explained. The heart is a life maintaining organ weighs almost less then a pound, barely the size of the fist and located in the mediastinum of the throracic cavity of human body. The shape of the heart is like a inverted cone which has a blunt tapered end that points to the left hip and the base pointing towards the right shoulder. The heart lies more close to the left that is nearly third of it and rest on the diaphragm in between the two lungs. This is shown in figure 1 which shows the location of the heart. Fig.1: Anterior view of the heart in the mediastinum The entire heart is covered by a dense fibrous tissue called the pericardium which comprises of a dense connective tissue called the fibrous pericardium which protects the heart from over stretching due to excessive filling, it also consists of the serous pericardium which forms deeper portion of the heart. The serous layer is further divided into the parietal layer which lines the outer layers the and visceral layer which lines the innermost layers of the heart. A fluid which reduces friction is present in the pericardial cavity that separates these parietal and visceral layers. The below figure (see fig. 2 ) shows the different layers of the the pericardium. Fig.2: The pericardium and the Heart wall http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cardiopart=A1016rendertype=figureid=A1019 As shown in the above figure (see fig.2), the heart wall is composed of three different layers ; epicardium, myocardium and the endocardium. The epicardium which forms superficial layer of the heart wall consists of mainly adipose tissue. The endocardium forms the deeper layer of the heart and is filled with squamous endothelium and aerolar tissues. Between these two layers lies the myocardium which is made up of cardiac muscles that help in the contraction of the heart. Its relatively a thick layer as it helps the heart to perform its normal pumping action that is contraction and expansion of the heart at regular intervals. On the outer surface of the heart there many grooves and layers of fat called the sulci. The heart is divided into four chambers which has two inferior intermittent pumps which discharge blood out of the heart called the right and the left ventricles and two superior primer pumps called the right and left atria receiving deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from the body and the lungs respectively. The ventricles are separated from each other by a relatively thick muscle called the interventricular septum but atria are separated from each other by relatively a thinner wall called the interatrial septum as it has lighter workload comparing the ventricles. The right ventricle has thicker walls comparing the left ventricle because it has to pump more blood during systemic circulation. The presence of heart valves prevents the back flow blood and hence ensures that blood flows effectively in one direction. There are two types of valves which are the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the semilunar valves. The AV valves consists of the the tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves th at are located on the right and left side of the heart between the ventricles and atria respectively. The semilunar valves on the other hand lie on the bases of aorta and the pulmonary artery. These valves consists of the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve has thread like structures that are connected to tendon like cords called the chordae tendinae. The anatomical structure of the heart and the heart valves is shown in figure 3. Fig.3: The heart and the heart valves http://yoursurgery.com/ProcedureDetails.cfm?BR=3Proc=24 Blood Flow Through The Heart The blood flow through the heart is explained by the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Deoxygenated blood is drained into the right atrium by the superior and the inferior vena cava. The pressure in the right atrium increases forcing the tricuspid valve to open and hence draining the entire deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle. The volume of blood in the ventricle increases and the maximum volume of the blood in the right ventricle after the contraction of the right atrium is called end diastolic volume (EDV). EDV is generally about 140ml. As the tricuspid valve closes the pressure in the ventricles increases. During this phase the ventricles contract but the pressure is not enough for the pulmonary valve to open hence resulting in isometric contraction as a result all the heart valves are closed during this phase and the volume in the ventricles remains constant. As the pressure continues to increase comparing the right atrium the blood forces open the pulmonary valve and the deoxygenated blood is pushed into the pulmonary trunk that divides into the pulmonary arteries. After the contraction of the ventricle that is the systole, the amount of blood remaining in the ventricle is called the end systolic volume (ESV). The difference between EDV and ESV gives the stroke volume (SV) that is the blood pumped out of the ventricles during a single heart beat. The pulmonary arteries carries the deoxygenated blood to the right and the left lung for oxygenation. Once the blood is oxygenated it is returned back to the heart by the pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein empties the oxygenated blood into the left atrium, hence completing the pulmonary circulation and as the pressure in this atrium increases the blood is drained into the left ventricle by forcing open the mitral valve. When the mitral valve is closed the the pressure rises again comparing the left atrium and the blood is pushed into the aorta by opening the aortic valve. This oxygenated blood is transport ed to various parts of the body to carry out haemodynamic activities ( which includes the exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide with the blood ) . The systemic circulation is completed once the deoxygenated blood is returned back to the right atrium from different parts of the body by the venae caveae. Fig.4: Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation of the heart http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-1_cardiovascular_sy_c.jpg During the phase of the first diastole, the ventricular relaxation takes place as a result the semilunar valves are closed and also the AV valves are also closed during this time as a result the volume of blood in the ventricles remains constant, hence this phase is called the isovolumetric relaxation. The diagrammatic explanation of the cardiac cycle is explained in figure 5. Fig.5: The Cardiac Cycle http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f22-11_cardiac_cycle_c.jpg Cardiac Conduction System In this system the pumping action of the heart is synchronised by the electrical activity of the heart. Electrical signals are generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node which is the bodies natural pacemaker. This node generates pulses that propagate throughout the right atrium and through the Bachmanns bundle hence stimulating both the atria. These pulses travel from SA node the to the atrioventricular (AV) node through certain paths known as internodal tracts. The AV node acts as a gatekeeper and prevents all the pulses to travel from the atria to the ventricles, hence causing some delay in the excitation. From the AV node the signals travel through the Purkinje fibres that divides itself into right and left and excites both the ventricles. This process repeats and the contraction of the heart takes place. Transportation of Oxygen by Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is a dense network of arteries, veins, capillaries etc. which is involved in the transportation of blood gases to and from the various parts of the body. In this part I will talking about how the cardiovascular system transports oxygen to different parts of the body. The oxygenated blood which is pumped from the left ventricle is transported by the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery of the human body which is made up of several layers of the elastin fibers and covered by smooth muscle. Blood flows in the arteries with high pressures hence these arteries expand (vasodilation) and contract (vasoconstriction) thus helping to regulate blood pressure. The aorta bifurcates into various different arteries smaller in size carrying oxygenated blood to different parts of the body. These arteries further divide into arterioles whose diameter is much smaller comparing the arteries and are less elastic. These arterioles are made up of thick layer of smooth muscles an d are controlled by the autonomic nervous system that control their diameter. Oxygenated blood now passes from the arterioles to the capillaries which are the functional unit of the cardiovascular system. Capillaries are responsible for the exchange of blood gases and other nutrients between different tissues and blood through the process of diffusion. As diffusion is the process by which gases or fluids flow from higher to lower concentration therefore at the capillary level the concentration of oxygen is more in the capillaries and on the other hand the concentration of carbondioxide is more in the tissue than in the capillaries therefore the diffusion of these gases takes place. Oxygen is diffused into the tissues and carbondioxide on the other hand is diffused into the tissues. This is how oxygen is transported to different parts of the body. This deoxygenated blood is collected from the venules which are connected to the capillaries. Theses venules group together to form veins. Hence this deoxygenated blood is returned back to the heart for oxygenation and the entire process is repeated. The entire process of the transportation of oxygen by the cardiovascular system is explained in figure 6 Fig 6: Blood flow and capillary exchange of oxygen http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Blood-General-Overview.htm Effects Of Reduced Coronary Blood Flow And Its Treatment Reduced coronary blood flow results in a condition known as ischemia where the myocardiac tissue is deprived of oxygen due to inadequate blood flow. The inadequacy is caused by formation of localised plaques of lipids that protrude within the artery causing a reduction in blood flow. As a result of reduced blood flow, there is a reduction in the level of oxygen which is required to carry out metabolic activities of the tissues. In ischemia the anaerobic respiration of the tissue results in the formation of lactic acid which leads to sever pain in the chest region. This pain is called angina pectoris. Angina pectoris is classified into two types; stable and unstable. Stable angina which causes pain in the chest region may arise from some physical activity ( running, jogging etc.). During these activities the need for oxygen is more to carry out metabolic activities in a faster rate compared to the supply of oxygen as a result anaerobic respiration of the tissues takes place and hence results in the formation of lactic acids which causes this pain. In unstable angina there is a persistent pain in the chest regions this is because of the accumulation of platelets on the ruptured plaques which leads to the blockage of the arteries and hence causing immense reduction in blood flow. Persistent unstable angina may cause myocardial infraction which ultimately may lead to sudden death. There are many ways to treat angina it may be either surgical or non surgical ways. Surgical methods include coronary balloon angioplasty where a catheter is passed into an artery with a balloon at the tip of the catheter. The balloon is made to expand causing the artery to expand and hence breaking of the plaque of lipids in the artery. Another types of surgical method is the coronary bypass surgery where the blocked artery is completely removed and replaced with a new one taken from different parts of the body. Non surgical methods include taking drugs that cause vasodilation such as ni troglycerin which converts into nitric oxide and hence dilates the coronary artery causing an increase in blood flow. Beta adrenergic blocking receptors are used to reduce the heart rate and therefore causing a reduction in cardiac output. Other techniques that involve the use of calcium channel blockers that are used for vasodilation and hence helping the flow of blood. Conclusion The heart is a an electromechanical pump which carries out its action through pulmonary and systemic circulation. The pumping action is well synchronised such that there is proper blood flow within the heart and outside to carry out haemodynamic activities. The transportation of blood is carried by a system consisting various networks that are spread throughout the body known as the cardiovascular system. This system helps in the transportation of oxygen to different tissues in order to carry out different metabolic activities. The exchange of oxygen between tissues and the cardiovascular system takes place through a process called diffusion. The effects of reduced blood are many and can lead to a condition known as ischemia. Angina pectoris is one of the main problems that can cause due to reduced blood flow and hence causing a sever pain in the chest region and on sever reduction in blood flow it may even lead to myocardial infraction which ultimately leads to death. There are nume rous treatments for curing this particular problem, it may be either through surgical methods which includes cardiopulmonary bypass and angioplasty or using drugs that increase vasodilation and decrease cardiac output. These drugs include beta receptors, calcium channel blockers and nitroglycerin.